food supplements

Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food.

•  It can be purely a commercial choice to provide extra nutrients in a food, or sometimes it is a public health policy which aims to reduce numbers of people with dietary deficiencies in a population.

Diets that lack variety can be deficient in certain nutrients. Sometimes the staple foods of a region can lack particular nutrients, due to the soil of a region, or because of the inherent inadequacy of the diet. Addition of micronutrients to staples and condiments can prevent large-scale deficiency diseases in these cases.^[1]


While it is true that both fortification and enrichment refer to the addition of nutrients to food, the true definitions do slightly vary. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), fortification refers to

•  "the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential micronutrient, ie. vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food irrespective of whether the nutrients were originally in the food before processing or not, so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health," whereas enrichment is defined as "synonymous with fortification and refers to the addition of micronutrients to a food which are lost during processing.^[2]

Food fortification was identified as the second strategy of four by the WHO and FAO to begin decreasing the incidence of nutrient deficiencies at the global level.^[2]


As outlined by the FAO, the most common fortified foods are:

• Cereals and cereal based products
• Milk and Milk products
• Fats and oils
• Accessory food items
• Tea and other beverages
• Infant formulas^[3]

The 4 main methods of food fortification (named as to indicate the procedure that is used in order to fortify the food):

1. Biofortification (i.e. creating new crops using genetically modified breeding techniques)
2. Microbial biofortification and synthetic biology (i.e. addition of probiotic bacteria to foods)
3. Commercial and industrial fortification (i.e. flour, rice, oils (common cooking foods))
4. Home fortification (i.e. vitamin D drops

Food	Nutrient
Salt	Iodine, Iron, Fluoride
Wheat and Maize flours	Iron, Folic Acid, B Vitamins, Vitamin A, Zinc
Cooking Oils and Fats	Vitamins A and D
Sugar	Vitamin A
Condiments (Sauces)	Iron
Milk	Vitamins A and D, Iron
Complementary Foods	Iron, Folic Acid, B Vitamins, Vitamin A, Zinc